Media Law Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Law Assignment - Research Paper Example Bruce would priest to his dad on the telephone and his stepmother Edie would listen unobtrusively. One morning Edie asked Bruce inquiries about Jesus and she consented to get Jesus. The complainant's charge was that the pamphlet had distributed the story on the web, and one of Edith's family members had seen it. Edith Rapp asserted that Jews for Jesus erroneously affirmed that she had joined their association. In the other option, the complainant asserted that the association had implied that she had come to have confidence in the way of thinking, activities and principle of Jews for Jesus. In her second corrected objection, Edith asserted among others, bogus light. The court at preliminary permitted Jews for Jesus to have the grumbling excused, and a few sections to be struck from the objection as the Fourth District court had said that the passages were basically polemical ' against Jews for Jesus. The preliminary court excused all the ensuing objections by Edith Rapp. On bid, the Fourth District tended to the issue of Rapp's excused cases. With respect to slander, the court was of the view that the 'normal psyche' perusing the pamphlet would not discover Edith an object of among others, disparage. The court’s end was correspondence would possibly be slanderous if the offended party was preferential according to generous and good minority of the network. The finish of the court was that the standard had not been applied. By the by, the court avowed the excusal of his slander guarantee based on the network standard appropriate. Bogus light had its starting point in the custom-based law tort of attack of security. William L. Prosser, a main researcher in tort law clarified the tort of attack of protection built up this region of law. Prosser's proposition was that intrusion of security was made of four torts, which were particular, and among them was bogus light. The Supreme Court found that components of bogus light and maligning cover. The Supreme Cour t contended that having the trial of profoundly hostile to a sensible individual standard has the danger of forestalling free discourse in light of the fact that the lead, which is denied, isn't clear. It was the court's feeling that the law of tort is intended to forestall just as reward improper lead, at that point it ought to be clear in recognizing the unfair direct. The court along these lines found the tort of bogus light couldn't breeze through that assessment. The territory wherein this educated varied with criticism was equivocal and inclined to a great deal of subjectivity. The court found that having exceptionally hostile data perceived in any event, when a sensible individual would discover it profoundly hostile included a segment of subjectivity. In view of the court's audit of the law in Florida and different wards, it expressed that it couldn't disregard the cover among slander and bogus light. In spite of the fact that the court recognized that in a larger part of th e states recognizes bogus light as a reason for activity, what was striking was the way that the survey of this choice uncovered that no case, wherein judgment was exclusively founded on bogus light reason for activity has ever been effective. Taking everything into account, the court declined to perceive bogus light as an appropriate purpose of activity in the province of Florida and suppressed the Fourth District's choice in restoring Rapp's bogus light case. 2. Interruption Intrusion is based how an individual from the media carries on. Interruption hence relies less upon

Discussion week 8 The Importance of Social Media and Web Analytics Assignment

Conversation week 8 The Importance of Social Media and Web Analytics - Assignment Example As referenced, Salina was noticed that the key fixings to her prosperity are: â€Å"quality content, the structure and supporting of a crowd of people, and findability† (Robson, 2012, p. 4). Two of the web based life techniques that Salina utilized are: (1) banding together with YouTube; and (2) advancing her instructional recordings through Do-It-Yourself (DIY) locales, as CutOutAndKeep (Robson, 2012, p. 3). The banding together with YouTube end up being instrumental in upgrading mindfulness, access and viewership to her intended interest group. Then again, picking to advance the recordings through DIY locales was regarded to be contributory to affirmation of her aptitudes and abilities as a craftsperson. Posting her instructional recordings in these web based life locales gave the chance to Salina to launch to acclaim and to be known in expressions of the human experience and specialties attempt. 2. From the situation, organize the most huge parts of an internet based life crusade as per the degree of impact each could have on the new item dispatch. Analyze both the web based life instruments that will give the best yield on speculation (ROI), and two (2) key execution pointers (KPIs) that one could use to quantify achievement. Give a basis to your reaction. From the situation, it was noticed that the most critical parts of web based life crusade as per the degree of impact each could have on the new item dispatch of the tablet are: (1) informal (W.O.M.); and (2) interpersonal organizations. The internet based life devices that could give the best yield on speculation (ROI) would in this manner rely upon precisely recognizing the objectives of the advertising effort and to discover how much assets or assets have been spent (measure of venture) to create the focused on return (Developing Social Media Campaigns for the New Product Launch, 2014). In this manner, to gauge the capacity of creating the most elevated

American Revolution Lesson Integrating Multiple Sources to Answer a Question

American Revolution Lesson Integrating Multiple Sources to Answer a Question (0) This is the first in a series of lessons that teach research and writing skills around the topic of the American Revolution. Overview In this lesson, you will learn how to evaluate multiple sources in diverse formats and put them together to answer a question. Multiple Sources During research, you will encounter many different types of sources. These can include primary and secondary sources of many different types. Editorial cartoons, newspaper articles, legislative documents, speeches, videos, and secondary texts are just a few examples. Each type of source has its own strengths and weaknesses. Primary and Secondary Sources Primary sources were produced at the time of the event you are researching. These can include diary entries, newspaper articles, speeches, television footage, even Facebook posts and live Tweets. Secondary sources are created “after the fact.” These secondary sources can present a summary of what occurred and can include multiple points of view. Secondary sources include textbooks, academic journal articles, memorial websites, and documentary films. Print and Digital Sources As you know, the type of source itself can vary depending on the era of creation. Today you may search for digital versions of your sources. Fifty years ago, almost all sources were printed. While digital sources make historical research easy, they also have strengths and weaknesses just like print sources. Source Strengths and Weaknesses Any source you encounter will have strengths and weaknesses; this will affect if and how you will use it in your research and writing. Sources can be assessed on the basis of task, purpose, and audience. As a reminder: Task is the reason why you are looking for sources. You should choose sources relevant to your task. Purpose is the reason why that source was createdto inform, to persuade, or to entertain. Audience is the individual or group for whom the source was written. How a source communicates will vary with its intended audience and purpose. Editorial Cartoons Listen to the sound clip below:? Editorial cartoons: Visual representations of opinion Persuasive Audience = readers at the time of publication Good for understanding contemporary opinions Need more context and additional sources to be  balanced Newspaper Articles Listen to the sound clip below: Narrative accounts of events Informative Audience = readers at the time of publication Good source for contemporary information and opinions Petitions Listen to the sound clip below: Formal documents that make a case or state a position Informative or persuasive Written for recipients of the petition Useful to see contemporary opinion Requires context to understand the petition Speeches Listen to the sound clip below: Spoken texts Persuasive Audience = listeners and attendees of the speech Useful to see contemporary opinion Context needed to understand, as well as additional research to understand references made? Sources About Economics and the American Revolution In order to answer the question,  How did economics contribute to the start of the American Revolution?,  you will need to examine an array of sources, then integrate the information the sources provide to come up with a complete answer. Below, you will look at the Tea Act, itself, a set of resolutions, and a newspaper article about the Tea Act of 1773. In each case, you will need to consider not only what the document says, but also the purpose and audience of the source. How can these sources help you address your task? The Tea Act The British Parliament issued the Tea Act in 1773. Click he?re to view the first two paragraphs of the Tea Act. The document is complex, so try to skim for a general understanding. As you read, consider not only what the document says, but also the purpose and audience of the source. How would this source help you address your task? The audio clip provides further analysis.  Listen to the sound clip below: Philadelphia Resolution Click h?ere to view the “Philadelphia Resolutions,” a set of proclamations published in the Pennsylvania Gazette on October 16, 1773 in response to the Tea Act. As you read, consider not only what the document says, but also the purpose and audience of the source. How would this source help you address your task? Listen to the sound clip below to hear an analysis of the source.  ? Newspaper Article The most famous response to the Tea Act is the Boston Tea Party of December 16, 1773. Click he?re to view an account of that protest just after it occurred. Consider not only what the document says, but also the purpose and audience of the source. How would this source help you address your task? Listen to the sound clip below to hear an analysis of the source. Putting the Sources Together The sources that you have seen â€" the law, the  set of resolutions, and the newspap?er accountâ€" can help you answer the question, How was the economy a contributor to the beginning of the American Revolution? You can put these sources together to show how British actions regarding the Tea Act, an economic policy, led to a colonial response. Resolutions, boycotts, and extra-legal action like dumping the tea were all responses to the economic policy that laid the groundwork for the American Revolution. Conclusion In this lesson you evaluated multiple sources from different formats, looking at the strengths and weaknesses of each source in terms of task,  purpose and audience. You combined these sources to answer a historical question about the influence of economics on the causes and course of the American Revolution. Help  your students cite in  MLA format, APA format,   Chicago style  with our guides and citation tools!

The Article Don t Indulge - 945 Words

When are we complete? When are we content? When are we satisfied? When are we completely content that we are satisfied with our happiness? The question never arose until someone mentions it to you. What will make you happiest? I agree with the article â€Å"Don’t Indulge. Be Happy.† by Dunn and Norton who state that what we do with our money plays more of an important role to our happiness than how much money we make. Throughout the article it made me realize things I never really payed any attention to, like the fact that money can’t buy happiness. No matter how much money we make, no matter how rich or poor we are the money we hold in our hand, make at our jobs or keep in our accounts will not give us the happiness we want. Yes money can buy us things we want but at the end of the day we’ll always want more. The things we can’t buy with money can make us most happy like love, family and friends. We’re all rich, you just have to count the th ings money can’t buy. We live in a jungle, maybe not the type of jungle you’re thinking of with trees and grass, but we live in a jungle filled with concrete roads, tall buildings and wild people. Everyone is in search for love, you may be able to buy it but it won’t be real love. Over the years I’ve watched TV shows and just regular people fall in and out of love and not once did I see someone happy with someone with a lot of money, that’s definitely not love, you can’t buy it. Everyones heart belongs to someoneShow MoreRelated7 Ways Of Avoid Holiday Weight Gain1026 Words   |  5 Pages7 Ways to Avoid Holiday Weight Gain By Tim Gritzman | Submitted On June 02, 2010 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest This makes sense: October through January is the murderer s row of the calendar year whenRead MoreHow To Break A Bad Habit946 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding your habit B. Focus on your needs C. Discover alternative methods V. BUILDING YOURSELF A NO ZONE A. Pick a person as an anchor B. Build a No zone C. Have less desire to indulge VI. REPLACE THE BAD WITH THE GOOD A. Stop negative thoughts B. Focus on positive alternatives C. Praise yourself VII. DON T BE AFRAID TO ASK FOR HELP A. Tell your friends and family B. Ask for support C. Seek professional help (if needed) CONCLUSION REFERENCES COMMON BAD HABITS We all know that nobodyRead MoreDefending The Morality Of Violent Video Games1486 Words   |  6 Pagespossible. This got many people upset because the gremlins actually looked like real people (Kohler, 2007). According to (Kohler, 2007) many arcade owners refused to buy any Death Race machines because of the controversy (Kohler, 2007). Many owners didn t want to receive any backlash from any form of critics that find the game disturbing. The activity of playing video games is at its highest point during adolescence years (Exelmans, Custers, Van den Bulck, 2015). Time spent playing video games as anRead MoreFastfood1128 Words   |  5 Pagescollege education and software because fast food is so convenient. Fast food restaurants are easy to find in cities and towns across America. They offer quick meals for busy lifestyles that are so quick and convenient, you don t even have to get out of your car to get them. An article in USA Today points out the convenience of drive-through win dows, stating that many fast food places aim to have customers wait less than a minute. Since the 1970s, fast food drive-through windows have become ubiquitousRead MoreDiamonds, The Embodiment Of Esteem And Romance1601 Words   |  7 Pagesreason, one that involves a masterful marketing campaign, and human consumerism conditioning, to create a market where there isn t one. The latter, unfortunately is more akin to reality than you would think. And for it to all make sense one would have to look at the history of the consumer demand of diamonds, and their usage throughout their long history. Diamonds weren t always used as adornments or jewelry pieces and many believe, in fact since ancient times to even the middle ages, diamonds hadRead MoreWhy Mindfulness Meditation Gaining So Much Popularity Essay900 Words   |  4 PagesSo Much Popularity in the West? By Charles A Francis | Submitted On March 26, 2012 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Charles A Francis If you re new to meditation, you know how hard it isRead MoreAnalysis Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1437 Words   |  6 Pagesaddition to his elaborate parties, he wears extravagant pink suits with gold ties and drives an eye-catching yellow car. All this he does in order to gain Daisy’s attention. Also, For most of the book, nobody knew how he got his wealth and people didn t care. Until later we find out that he got his money from Gatsby got his wealth from illegal things so he could afford all of the cars, parties, clothes, boats. But mostly on the parties. This shows us that Gatsby s involvement with bootlegging as wellRead MoreQuestions On Writing A Sharp Memory Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesDevelop A Sharp Memory By Raman Kuppuswamy | Submitted On September 10, 2015 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook 1 Share this article on Twitter 1 Share this article on Google+ 1 Share this article on Linkedin 1 Share this article on StumbleUpon 1 Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg 1 Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Raman Kuppuswamy If you want to succeed in life, you must have aRead MoreSample Resume : The Garden Cafe1656 Words   |  7 Pagesis my favorite place to eat in York, South Carolina. The atmosphere is so delightful. The service and attention to detail is impeccable. Whether you re looking for a place for lunch with the girls, a romantic dinner or a wedding reception, you won t be disappointed. Teresa James, the owner, has an eye for detail and her experience in the art of hospitality shows from the moment you enter the door. The restaurant has seating for 130 patrons. The ambience reeks of southern charm. The lunch hoursRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511592 Words   |  7 Pagesit [been]since you were really bothered? [Bothered ]about something important, about something real?†(pg) Ray Bradbury s book Fahrenheit 451 although written in 1953, was ahead of its time predicting technological marvels and our potential to indulge and be addicted to electronic media. The novel presents a twilight zone of what society could be like if books and the written word were no longer desired and the main purpose of life becomes the hunt for personal happiness. So, has our society

Definitions of Tasc Essay Topics

Definitions of Tasc Essay Topics Argument essay writing is a troublesome and overwhelming procedure that may take a couple days. You need to set up facts, possess the confidence and demonstrate the obvious evidence of your private viewpoint to certain phenomenon. Your specific ideas and opinions in the paper has to be supported with arguments. You have to come across decent evidence to back up your ideas and examples to illustrate the evidence. The Meaning of Tasc Essay Topics For example, let's say if you're writing about language history essay than you might have to to incorporate all of the information concerning the history language on the planet irrespective of any specific region while in specific language history essay, you would speak about history of the language of a specific region. Besides general knowledge you have concerning the subject, you won't mind dedicating some opportunity to research, writing procedure, and other aspects essential for the high-quality e ssay. If you're struggling, you always have the option to get help by utilizing an essay writing service such as ours. One particular important and appropriate subject is technology. Getting the Best Tasc Essay Topics You devote a good deal of education on writing argumentative essays. Following are a few of the suggested sociology essay topic for those students that are unable to choose a great topic for their assignment. If you're in a college and wish to compose an argumentative essay, you should select a subject of high importance. Consequently, students may develop different thesis for unique themes to compose essays on hamlet. Should you need professional help with argumentative essay topics, don't hesitate to speak to us. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but don't forget to do your homework on what the recent laws about your favorite topic actually say. Locating good essay topics you might discuss effectively and create powerful argumentative essays is a challenging work. The most effective argumentative essay writing service on the net is an organization that supplies good quality and inexpensive help on argumentative essay and argumentative essay topics. Even today exists a group of men and women who believe that essay writing is the simplest portion of any educational program and that which you have to do there, is to just go on writing whatever and wherever you truly feel like writing whatever comes in your mind. It is crucial to begin with demonstrating the most important idea of the entire piece so you and your readers are going to be on the very same page. You may also decide on any latest research work that's somewhat controversial to allure the readers to compose argumentative essay. As an issue of fact, the content of your essay is dependent on what you're likely to write about. Moreover, in-text citations will present your awareness of the various papers formats. Typically, it doesn't include references and quotes in it. You're able to pick topics from several lists of ready themes. At the conclusion of these list, you will discover links to a range of argumentative paragraphs and essays. It is possible to observe a list of 25 topics you can select from the one which best fits your assignment. In situations when you get to pick the topic for an argumentative essay, you need to be wise and locate a title that will intrigue a reader. It is essential to pick a great topic so as to compose a good paper. Characteristics of Tasc Essay Topics Therefore, the above told six position essay topics can help you compose a fantastic piece to position essay, but be sure whatever topic you're selecting isn't hard to understand and on which you are in possession of a good expertise, otherwise you won't be in a position to create sturdy arguments. The very first step is to learn the topic you want to write about. It's not sufficient to settle on a topic which everybody agrees on. A superb topic will ensure it is simpler to pursue the purpose of an argumentative essay, which is, clearly, the whole investigation of the problem you speak about. Quite frequently, the very best topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well prepared to research it. It's possible to select an intriguing topic from any area of science. Instead of just immediately writing about your argumentative essay topic, you should first think about what it is you're likely to put back on your paper through a procedure of brainstorming and pre-writing. Before actually beginning to compose your essay, you have to pick an issue to write about. If you must compose your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. There are many steps which you should take as a way to write an exceptional essay. There are lots of aspects about a sport that may be argued in an essay. Before writing argumentative essay, a suitable comprehension of the subject ought to be developed, and relevant and authentic material ought to be used. If you successfully determine the objective of language essay than you ought to ensure that the subject of language essay should fit in the goal. You should be able to use persuasive language.

Ethan Frome Tragic figure that function Free Essays

Ethan Frome: Tragic figure that functions as an instrument of the suffering of others ay cache1897 unit Four: Ethan Frome In the novella Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton, main character Ethan Frome is a man that faces many disappointments as well no self-assurance. Ethan Frome is definitely a tragic flgure that functions as an Instrument of the suffering of others In the novel. Ethan Frome overall is a very tragic tale of misery and suffering, and any of the main characters involved can be connected to that suffering. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethan Frome: Tragic figure that function or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wharton makes Ethan not only the victim, but the function of all the other characters suffering to ruly get In depth with the flaws that Ethan possesses. Zeena, Ethan FromeS wife experiences much suffering due to Ethan. Ethan spent his whole life never being able to stand up for himself. He chose to marry Zeena for the sole reason that she would end his loneliness. It could have also been the fact that he felt bad that she dedicated her life to taking care of Ethan’s mom. Next, Ethan decided to give Zeena a loveless relationship. Never in the text does Ethan show any sort of emotion toward his wife, nor does she show any towards him. Ethan is omewhat awful towards the one in which he personally chose to be his wife. He chooses to go to â€Å"work† rather than drive her to the doctor, he decides to pursue another woman who Is his wife’s cousin, and lastly, he chooses to kill himself for the sake of his own independence and his â€Å"love† for Mattie. Zeena however, can be aggravating at times which causes Ethan to act certain ways. Zeena tragically has â€Å"hypochondria† which brings out the cold, unhappy, domineering woman who whines and complains incessantly. Ethan lets Zeena dominate him which shows his flaw of eing subordinate. These mistakes eventually lead to his fall. It Is clearly seen that Zeena uses Illness to get Ethan’s attention and love he hasnt been giving. Zeena makes it hard for Ethan to show how he feels about Mattie in his heart, because when she comes around, Ethan Is blindsided by her thoughts in his head. â€Å"†¦ but there was only one thought in my mind: the fact that, for the first time since Mattie had come to live with them, Zeena was to be away for the night. He wondered if the girl were thinking of it too†¦ † (40). Another main character is Mattie Silver, who is he desired women Ethan wants to be with rather than his wife. From early descriptions of Mattie, she appears to be the silvery maiden whose arrival Into Ethan Frome’s desperate life provides love and hope. Wharton describes Mattie as being a lively and happy young woman, before her suicide attempt that leaves her an invalid and a former shadow of herself. Her name, Mattie Silver, symbolizes the glistening and beauty of a piece of sterling silver. Wharton also states â€Å"The pure air, and the long summer hours In the open, gave life and elasticity to Mattie† (Wharton 60). Thls quote give Mattie the image of someone with great beauty and personality. Ethan has strong feelings for Mattie and it turns out that the maiden has mutual feelings. Because she has feelings for him, and the sweetness of spirit to interest him in return, the resulting tragedies occur. She develops a catastrophic attitude. She had the mindset that if she couldnt be with Ethan, and be happy, then she doesn’t want 1 OF2 sne tnen encourages Etnan to take tne slea down ana commit sulc10e wltn her. Her spontaneous and drastic emotions that are tied up with Ethan lead to much uffering. The fact that Ethan quickly agrees to commit suicide shows that he isn’t really self-reliant and doesn’t think for himself. Wharton shows a flaw that Ethan possesses which in turns cause much suffering for him and Mattie. Ethan Frome is definitely painted as a tragic figure in his crippled state of misery. His tragic flaw could be that he is too indebted to family, and feels too much obligation to them. This brings him home to care for his parents, and won’t allow him to leave his wife to seek happiness. It’s a good trait, loyalty, but in this case it eeps him shackled in a miserable situation, that, because he won’t resolve it in a different way, leads to his tragic and spontaneous decision on the day he decides to go sledding with the women he truly desired. Although Ethan may have suffered, his suffering impacted the people around him. Ethan and his wife represent a broken relationship. It is very ironic how the pickle dish Zeena cherishes is broken. The fact that Zeena’s cat breaks the pickle dish is significant. The cat is already symbolically linked with Zeena. How to cite Ethan Frome: Tragic figure that function, Papers

Media Ethics Towards Employing Utilitarianism and Kantian Theory in Examining Practical Ethical Issues

In this era of global interactivity and extreme media scrutiny, real-life situations and instances of behaviour that raise ethical issues and moral dilemmas continue to reverberate across all civilizations in the world. The role of the media in disseminating information to people is legion, but arising ethical issues persist to put this important institution in a collision course with germane issues that must be primarily dealt with for responsible practice (Plaisance, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Ethics: Towards Employing Utilitarianism and Kantian Theory in Examining Practical Ethical Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These ethical issues put into perspective the need to rely on philosophical thought to decide on the proper course of action. It is the purpose of this paper to utilize both utilitarianism and Kantian theory to critically examine some underlying ethical issues relating to the claim below: There’s almost no situation in which I’d stop filming to do something, because I think a film record of a given situation is ultimately more effective, and has greater impact. In the end, it helps more people than if I put down my camera to lend a hand (Bowden, 1987 p. 182) To offer a critical evaluation of the above claim, it is imperative to briefly discuss the two broad classifications of philosophical thought from which utilitarianism and Kantian theory derives from. The first classification – teleological ethics – comprise of theories which are essentially concerned with outcomes or consequences and the capacity to produce the best possible decisions. These theories are glued by the premise that ethically right decisions are those that produce maximum consequences (Albarran, 2010). To date, utilitarianism, with its axiom of the greatest good still offers the best example of teleological ethics. The second classification – deontol ogical ethics – comprise of ethical theories concerned with the philosophical process of arriving at decisions based on established principles (Albarran, 2010). These theories affirm that the rightness or wrongness of an action or behaviour is dependent on that particular action or behaviour and not on the outcomes or consequences it produces. Deontological ethics are best illustrated in the philosophical works of Kant. Utilitarianism, espoused by such philosophers as David Hume, John Stuart Mill, and Jeremy Bentham, among others, states that moral actions are correct to the extent that they tend to enhance the ‘greatest good for the greatest number.’ As one of the best known adaptations of consequentialism, this theory defines what is morally acceptable in terms of the â€Å"maximization of the net expected utility for all parties affected by a decision or action† (Smart Williams, 1998 p. 83).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? L et's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other words, human beings ought to behave or act in a manner that occasion the best possible outcomes from their actions (Russo, n.d.). Consequently, acceptable behaviour or actions, according to utilitarianism, should be evaluated by rules and guidelines that, if universally followed would lead to the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Judging by the above description, it appears that the author of the claim in discussion based his arguments on utilitarian theory. Indeed, he argues that a film record of a situation is eventually more effective, has a greater impact, not mentioning the fact that it helps more people. In essence, the film record will enhance the greatest good for the greatest number of viewers the scenario that was being filmed notwithstanding. Such philosophical thought has serious ethical undertones since it therefore means that it actually does not concern us what kind o f behaviour or actions we engage in or what our intentions are when engaging in them, as long as the outcomes of our behaviours or actions are generally positive to the wider audience. According to Russo (n.d.), â€Å"†¦what all utilitarians have in common is that they accept one and only one principle of morality, the principle of utility, which states that in all our actions we must always strive to produce the greatest possible balance of good and evil† (para. 3). This therefore means that when faced with a choice between two divergent courses of action, a utilitarian will always aim to select the one that bears the best overall outcome or consequence for the majority who might be affected in one way or another by the actions. In the claim, it is clearly evident that the author would choose the action that has a greater impact and helps more people – that of continuing to film instead of lending a hand. Again, this has serious ethical undertones assuming that t he situation he is filming demands that people offer assistance such as a plane clash. Many modern institutions, including the media and democratic institutions, are built around the principle of utilitarianism, that is, ‘the end justify the means.’ Indeed, actions are judged based on the outcomes, not on the objectives, intentions or motives (Terrall, 2007). As such, the individual would be justified to continue filming since he is bound to achieve the best possible outcomes from his action – that of assisting more people. To argue along this continuum, however, is counterintuitive since such actions are taken more for profit orientations than for ethical considerations. When evaluated under the lenses of ethical considerations, utilitarianism in contemporary institutions, including the media, justifies the treatment of individuals as a means to an end. There arise serious ethical connotations when individuals are viewed as a means to achieve an outcome that is agreeable to the majority.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Ethics: Towards Employing Utilitarianism and Kantian Theory in Examining Practical Ethical Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In equal measure, ethical issues arise if individuals assume that an action or behaviour is acceptable if it generates a greater sum of good than evil for all the individuals who are affected by such an action (Russo, n.d.). This, it appears, is the mentality of the individual who continues to film since filming by itself will have a greater impact and will assist many people than helping the situation. As already mentioned elsewhere, Kantian theory is firmly rooted in deontological ethics. Kant proposed an intricate system that specified the duties endowed upon us as moral agents. According to Plaisance (2009), â€Å"†¦at the core of [Kant’s] system is the claim that our human capacity for reason enables u s to know these duties and that freedom enables us to act on them (p.8). As such, the foundations of Kantian theory are rationality and liberty. For Kant, individuals are bound by obligation to act and behave morally as the only way to perform their duties to others. It is imperative to note that by moral action, Kant insinuated that individuals should test and evaluate their actions by inquiring if they could be universalized, that is, whether it would be morally acceptable if every individual applied the actions as standard of behaviour (Johnson, 2008). It therefore follows that the individual in the filming claim would have first stopped to ponder if it was agreeable for everyone to continue filming the arising situations as opposed to lending a hand. In fact, he would have never at the first place been so sure to say that ‘there’s almost no situation in which I’d stop filming to do something†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ since he was not in a position to know or judge if su ch an action could be universalized to others in similar profession or situation. This demonstrates why Kant was so strict on rationality and liberty. In a hypothetical situation, say a car accident where people are trapped inside the car, a Kantian follower would have reasoned out to first cease filming and lend a hand. If the situation was not that serious, a Kantian follower would have taken the liberty to start filming the situation. Here, the Kantian theory appears more ethically acceptable. Kant formulated the famous ‘categorically imperative’ phrase, implying duty without exception (Plaisance, 2009). This principle demands obedience and core moral obligations that all individuals must meet. Consequently, Kant was of the opinion that individuals are owned respect not because of their professions or individual positions, but for the reason that they are human beings with ability to reason.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Plaisance (2009), â€Å"†¦this universal moral obligation requires that we treat individuals as ends in themselves and never sorely as a means to attain other goals or desires we may have† (p.9). In equal measure, the philosopher was of the opinion that morality was principally about motives. To him, motives are the basis of actions and these, not results or consequences – should be the basis for ethics. Back to the filming claim, it is vehemently clear that the individual use the means (situations) to achieve the ends (having a greater impact and assisting more people). The Kantian theory, however, is clear that the individuals should be perceived and treated as the ends in themselves and never sorely as means. Here, the underlying ethical issue is that utilitarianism, its axiom of achieving the greatest good notwithstanding, is open to abuse in contemporary times. In media institutions, indeed, it is rightfully or wrongfully used and depicted as bei ng in the ‘public interest,’ and in the case of newspapers, it is being used and passed as ‘what the public is interested in.’ Such catchy phrases have serious ethical undertones since what one segment of the public is interested in may not be universalized to the other population, not mentioning the fact that the motive behind an action, say publishing a story, may not necessarily be the reason why a certain outcome is desired (Elder, 2001). All in all, both utilitarianism and Kantian theory have been discussed at length in relation to the claim about filming. Ethical issues have been highlighted on both sides and critical appraisal offered. What is clear is that although the claim about filming is utilitarian in nature, utilitarianism raises more ethical issues than Kantian theory. Both philosophical thoughts, however, have their advocates and critics, and it is premature to discount utilitarianism is a valid theory of ethics. Indeed, according to Terrall (2007), many modern institutions, including the media, heavily rely on utilitarianism. However, as have already been discussed, the theory has serious ethical ramifications when compared to Kantian theory. List of References Albarran, A.B (2010). Management of Electronic Media. Boston, MA: Wadsworth. Elder, R (2001). Difficult Decisions: Ethical Issues for the American Media in Times of National Emergency. Web. Johnson, R (2008). Kant’s Moral Philosophy. In: Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web. Plaisance, P.L (2009). Media Ethics: Key Principles for Responsible Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Russo, M.S (n.d.). Utilitarianism in a nutshell. Web. Smart, J.J.C., Williams, B (1998). Utilitarianism: For and Against. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Terrall, E (2007). The Ends or the Means? Kantian Ethics v/s Utilitarianism. Web. This essay on Media Ethics: Towards Employing Utilitarianism and Kantian Theory in Examining Practical Ethical Issues was written and submitted by user F1rebrand to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.